The economic changes and the irreversible crisis in agriculture produced extensive migration in Spain. Emigrants left the economically depressed areas for a variety of destinations: Germany and other European states, the Basque country, Madrid, the area around Valencia and, of course, Catalonia. Within a few years, thousands of immigrants from Andalusia, Castile, Extremadura, Murcia, Galicia, etc. arrived in Catalonia with the aim of working, living and prospering there. Emigration provided a double challenge: to get used to a new country and to exchange a rural environment for an urban industrial setting. And for Catalan society there was the duty of welcoming these immigrants and integrating them into society but in inadequate circumstances: no political institutions of their own, almost no civil society and no possibility of cultural expression. Soon these "other Catalans" came to identify with their adoptive country and made a decisive contribution to the construction of a common future.