In the mid-19th century, the notions of utopian socialism spread amongst the working class and professional sectors. The doctrines of Étienne Cabet, which appeared in his work Voyage en Icarie, proposed the establishment of a communist society based on the egalitarian ideals of fraternity, justice and social example. Cabet's views impressed people such as Narcís Monturiol, the doctor Joan Rovira, Francesc Sunyer i Capdevila, and the brothers Antoni and Josep Anselm Clavé. However, when the Icarians, including some Catalans, attempted to establish a colony at Nauvoo (Illinois), the utopian idea failed.