The re-establishment of Catalan as a language of culture was a slow and uneven process, and first took place in poetry and drama, genres deemed to be intimist. Novels, works of history, political treatises and public speaking were in Spanish, even when Catalanist views were being expressed. Joaquim Rubió i Ors, Lo Gaiter del Llobregat, put forward a programme to raise the profile of Catalan literature that shunned nostalgia and was fully modern in approach. German Romanticism, which associated language with the fatherland, played an important part in the resurgence of Catalan.