Throughout the nineteenth century Catalonia established itself as an industrial country. This set Catalonia further apart from the other parts of Spain as it was now economically and socially as well as culturally different. There was a growing contrast between industrial Catalonia and Spain, which was basically agricultural. The effect of the European romantic cultural movements was to generate a desire to restore Catalan culture and language: this movement was soon named the Renaixença. Catalonia began an unprecedented period of literary and cultural recovery in the nineteenth century. Catalan slowly re-established itself as the language of culture. The cultural Renaixença reached all creative spheres and crossed the various social divides. The new economic and cultural framework gave rise to new currents of political thought. Federalism, Carlism and protectionism gave way to nationalism, which developed at the end of the century.
